@article {9998,
	title = {Examining Open Innovation in Science (OIS): What Open Innovation can and cannot offer the science of science},
	journal = {Innovation: Organization \& Management},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {<p>Scholars across disciplines increasingly hear calls for more open and collaborative approaches to scientific research. The concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) provides a framework that integrates dispersed research efforts aiming to understand the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of applying open and collaborative research practices. While the OIS framework has already been taken up by science of science scholars, its conceptual underpinnings require further specification. In this essay, we critically examine the OIS concept and bring to light two key aspects: 1) how OIS builds upon Open Innovation (OI) research by adopting its attention to boundary-crossing knowledge flows and by adapting other concepts developed and researched in OI to the science context as exemplified by two OIS cases in the area of research funding; 2) how OIS conceptualises knowledge flows across boundaries. While OI typically focuses on well-defined organizational boundaries, we argue that blurry and even invisible boundaries between communities of practice may more strongly constrain flows of knowledge related to openness and collaboration in science. Given the uptake of this concept, this essay brings needed clarity to the meaning of OIS, which has no particular normative orientation toward a close coupling between science and industry. We end by outlining the essay{\textquoteright}s contributions to OI and the science of science, as well as to science practitioners.</p>},
	doi = {10.1080/14479338.2021.1999248},
	author = {Susanne Beck and Marcel LaFlamme and Carsten Bergenholtz and Marcel Bogers and Tiare-Maria Brasseur and Marie-Louise Conradsen and Kevin Crowston and Diletta Di Marco and Agnes Effert and Despoina Filiou and Lars Frederiksen and Thomas Gillier and Marc Gruber and Carolin Haeussler and Karin Hoisl and Olga Kokshagina and Maria-Theresa Norn and Marion Poetz and Gernot Pruschak and Laia Pujol Priego and Agnieszka Radziwon and Alexander Ruser and Henry Sauermann and Sonali Shah and Julia Suess-Reyes and Christopher L. Tucci and Philipp Tuertscher and Jane Bj{\o}rn Vedel and Roberto Verganti and Jonathan Wareham and Sunny Mosangzi Xu}
}
@article {2016,
	title = {Manifesto on Engineering Academic Software (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16252)},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2106},
	institution = {Schloss Dagstuhl {\textendash} Leibniz Center for Informatics},
	address = {Wadern, Germany},
	abstract = {Software is often a critical component of scientific research.  It can be a component of the academic research methods used to produce research results, or it may itself be an academic research result. Software, however, has rarely been considered to be a citable artifact in its own right. With the advent of open-source software, artifact evaluation committees of conferences, and journals that include source code and running systems as part of the published artifacts, we foresee that software will increasingly be recognized as part of the academic process. The quality and sustainability of this software must be accounted for, both a priori and a posteriori. 

The Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop on {\textquotedblleft}Engineering Academic Software{\textquotedblright} has examined the strengths, weaknesses, risks, and opportunities of academic software engineering. A key outcome of the workshop is this Dagstuhl Manifesto, serving as a roadmap towards future professional software engineering for software-based research instruments and other software produced and used in an academic context.  The manifesto is expressed in terms of a series of actionable {\textquotedblleft}pledges{\textquotedblright} that users and developers of academic research software can take as concrete steps towards improving the environment in which that software is produced.},
	author = {Alice Allen and Cecilia Aragon and Christoph Becker and Jeffrey Carver and Andrei Chi{\c s} and Benoit Combemale and Mike Croucher and Kevin Crowston and Daniel Garijo and Ashish Gehani and Carole Goble and Robert Haines and Robert Hirschfeld and James Howison and Kathryn Huff and Caroline Jay and Daniel S. Katz and Claude Kirchner and Katie Kuksenok and Ralf L{\"a}mmel and Oscar Nierstrasz and Matt Turk and van Nieuwpoort, Rob and Matthew Vaughn and Jurgen Vinju}
}
@article {9998,
	title = {Group maintenance in technology-supported distributed teams},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2014},
	month = {4/2014},
	pages = {297-309},
	abstract = {In this paper we investigate group maintenance behavior in community-based Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Adopting a sociolinguistic perspective, we conceptualize group maintenance behavior as interpersonal communication tactics{\textemdash}specifically, social presence and politeness tactics{\textemdash}that help maintain relationships among group members. Developer email messages were collected from two FLOSS projects with different development status and content-analyzed to identify frequently-used group maintenance tactics. We then compared the two projects on the group maintenance tactics used, finding differences that reflect changes in the project work practices. Our work contributes theoretically to FLOSS research and has practical implications for FLOSS practitioners. },
	doi = {10.1016/j.im.2014.02.001},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Group_maintenance\%20paper_part\%20I_20140122_final.pdf},
	author = {Kangning Wei and Kevin Crowston and Li, Na and Heckman, Robert}
}
@proceedings {2010,
	title = {Machine Learning and Rule-Based Automated Coding of Qualitative Data},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	address = {Pittsburgh, PA},
	abstract = {Researchers often employ qualitative research approaches but large volumes of textual data pose considerable challenges to manual coding. In this research, we explore how to implement fully or semi-automatic coding on textual data (specifically, electronic messages) by leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP). In particular, we compare the performance of human-developed NLP rules to those inferred by machine learning algorithms. The experimental results suggest that NLP with machine learning can be an effective way to assist researchers in coding qualitative data.

},
	keywords = {FLOSS, NLP},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ml_nlp.pdf , https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ASIST\%20poster\%202p\%20final.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Xiaozhong Liu and Allen, Eileen E. and Heckman, Robert}
}
@proceedings {Scialdone:2009,
	title = {Group Maintenance Behaviours of Core and Peripheral Members of Free/Libre Open Source Software Teams},
	year = {2009},
	address = {Skövde, Sweden, 3-6 June},
	abstract = {Group Maintenance is pro-social, discretionary, and relation-building behavior that occurs between members of groups in order to maintain reciprocal trust and cooperation. This paper considers how Free/libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams demonstrate such behaviors within the context of e-mail, as this is the primary medium through which such teams communicate. We compare group maintenance behaviors between both core and peripheral members of these groups, as well as behaviors between a group that remains producing software today and one which has since dissolved. Our findings indicate that negative politeness tactics (those which show respect for the autonomy of others) may be the most instrumental group maintenance behaviors that contribute to a FLOSS group{\textquoteleft}s ability to survive and continue software production.
},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Group Maintenance},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/34finalmjs.pdf},
	author = {Scialdone, Michael J. and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Boldyreff, Cornelia and Kevin Crowston and Lundell, Bj{\"o}rn and Wasserman, Tony}
}
@proceedings {Wiggins:2009,
	title = {Heartbeat: Measuring Active User Base and Potential User Interest in FLOSS Projects},
	volume = {299},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {94-104},
	publisher = {Springer Boston},
	address = {Skövde, Sweden, 3-6 June},
	abstract = {This paper presents a novel method and algorithm to measure the size of an open source project{\textquoteright}s user base and the level of potential user interest that it generates. Previously unavailable download data at a daily resolution confirms hypothesized patterns related to release cycles. In short, regular users rapidly download the software after a new release giving a way to measure the active user base. In contrast, potential new users download the application independently of the release cycle, and the daily download figures tend to plateau at this rate when a release has not been made for some time. An algorithm for estimating these measures from download time series is demonstrated and the measures are examined over time in two open source projects.},
	isbn = {978-3-642-02031-5},
	issn = {978-3-642-02031-5},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-02032-2\%5f10},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/heartbeat.pdf},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and James Howison and Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Boldyreff, Cornelia and Kevin Crowston and Lundell, Bj{\"o}rn and Wasserman, Tony}
}
@article {Li:2008a,
	title = {Asynchronous Decision-Making in Distributed Teams (Poster)},
	year = {2008},
	month = {8{\textendash}12 November},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	keywords = {Decision-Making, FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CSCW2008Poster11x17Draft.pdf},
	author = {Li, Qing and Heckman, Robert and Allen, Eileen E. and Kevin Crowston and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@proceedings {Li:2008,
	title = {Decision Making Paths in Self-Organizing Technology-Mediated Distributed Teams},
	year = {2008},
	address = {Paris, France, 14-17 December},
	abstract = {This paper investigates decision making in self-organizing technology-mediated distributed teams. This context provides an opportunity to examine how the use of technological support to span temporal and organizational discontinuities affects decision-making processes. 258 software-modification decision episodes were collected from the public emailing lists of six Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects over a span of five years. Six decision-making paths were identified as 1) short-cut decision-making path; 2) implicit-development decision-making path; 3) implicit-evaluation decision-making path; 4) normative decision-making path; 5) dynamic decision-making path; and 6) interrupted/delayed decision-making path. We suggest that the nature of the tasks and the affordances of the  technology used reduce the need for explicit coordination, resulting in a broader range of possible decision processes than are observed in face-to-face groups.},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Decision\%20Making\%20Paths\%20in\%20Self\%20Organizing\%20Technology\%20Mediated\%20Dist.pdf},
	author = {Li, Qing and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and James Howison and Allen, Eileen E. and Eseryel, U. Yeliz}
}
@proceedings {Scialdone:2008,
	title = {Group Maintenance in Technology-Supported Distributed Teams},
	year = {2008},
	address = {Anaheim, CA, 9-13 August},
	abstract = {Are geographically-distributed teams which exhibit high levels of group maintenance between members successful? We answer this through content analysis of emails from two Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams. Our results illustrate that the groups utilize low levels of organizational citizenship behaviors and high levels of positive politeness actions.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Group Maintenance},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/GroupMaintenance.pdf},
	author = {Scialdone, Michael J. and Li, Na and James Howison and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {Scozzi:2008,
	title = {Shared mental models among open source software developers},
	year = {2008},
	address = {Big Island, Hawai{\textquoteright}i, 7-10 January},
	abstract = {Shared understandings are important for software development as they guide to effective individual contributions to, and coordination of, the software development process. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary analysis on shared mental models within Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Based on structuration theory and by adopting cognitive mapping and process analysis, we represented and com-pared the mental models of some developers of the Lucene Java project. Our analysis suggests that there is a high-level of sharing among core developers but the shar-ing is not complete, with some differences related to ten-ure in the project.},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2008.391},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/SharedMntalModels.pdf},
	author = {Scozzi, Barbara and Kevin Crowston and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Li, Qing}
}
@article {2008,
	title = {Towards A review of the empirical FLOSS literature},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Towards A review of the empirical FLOSS literature},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ReviewProgressReport.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and James Howison and Kangning Wei and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Li, Qing}
}
@proceedings {Heckman:2007,
	title = {Emergent decision-making practices in Free/Libre Open Source Software FLOSS development teams},
	year = {2007},
	address = {Limerick, Ireland, 10-14 June},
	abstract = {We seek to identify work practices that make Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams effective. Particularly important to team effectiveness is decision making. In this paper, we report on an inductive qualitative analysis of 360 decision episodes of six FLOSS development teams. Our analysis revealed diversity in decision-making practices that seem to be related to differences in overall team characteristics and effectiveness. },
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/20070320\%20OSS\%20Conference_v15_final\%20submitted.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison and Allen, Eileen E. and Li, Qing}
}
@article {2007,
	title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)},
	year = {2007},
	note = {SD 2007 poster - Full Adobe PDF
2007 HSD PI{\textquoteright}s conference poster reporting on the grant project work to date in a full Adobe PDF file.

HSD 2007 poster - Small PDF
HSD 2007 conference grant progress reporting poster in a smaller PDF file.
},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.ai_.pdf , https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.pdf},
	author = {Li, Na and Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Scialdone, Michael J. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@article {Crowston:2007b,
	title = {Self-organization of teams in free/libre open source software development},
	journal = {Information and Software Technology Journal: Special issue on Understanding the Social Side of Software Engineering, Qualitative Software Engineering Research},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {564{\textendash}575},
	abstract = {This paper provides empirical evidence about how free/libre open source software development teams self-organize their work, specifically, how tasks are assigned to project team members. Following a case study methodology, we examined developer interaction data from three active and successful FLOSS projects using qualitative research methods, specifically inductive content analysis, to identify the task-assignment mechanisms used by the participants. We found that {\textquoteleft}self-assignment{\textquoteright} was the most common mechanism across three FLOSS projects. This mechanism is consistent with expectations for distributed and largely volunteer teams. We conclude by discussing whether these emergent practices can be usefully transferred to mainstream practice and indicating directions for future research.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.004},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/060918.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Kangning Wei and Li, Qing and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison}
}
@article {2006,
	title = {Audio of ICIS 2006 Presentation},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Audio of Kevin, Yeliz and Qing presenting our paper at ICIS 2006. The audio is ok, but next time I{\textquoteright}m definitely going to put the recorder nearer the speakers!},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ICIS-2006-Kevin-Yeliz-Qing-fixed.mp3},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Li, Qing}
}
@proceedings {Crowston:2006b,
	title = {Core and periphery in Free/Libre and Open Source software team communications},
	year = {2006},
	address = {Kaua{\textquoteright}i, Hawai{\textquoteright}i, January},
	abstract = {The concept of the core group of developers is important and often discussed in empirical studies of FLOSS projects. This paper examines the question, {\textquotedblleft}how does one empirically distinguish the core?{\textquotedblright} Being able to identify the core members of a FLOSS development project is important because many of the processes necessary for successful projects likely involve core members differently than peripheral members, so analyses that mix the two groups will likely yield invalid results. 
We compare 3 analysis approaches to identify the core: the named list of developers, a Bradford{\textquoteright}s law analysis that takes as the core the most frequent contributors and a social network analysis of the interaction pattern that identifies the core in a core-and-periphery structure. We apply these measures to the interactions around bug fixing for 116 SourceForge projects. The 3 techniques identify different individuals as core members; examination of which individuals are identified leads to suggestions for refining the measures. All 3 measures though suggest that the core of FLOSS projects is a small fraction of the total number of contributors.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CoreAndPeripheryInFreeLibre.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Kangning Wei and Li, Qing and James Howison}
}
@proceedings {Heckman:2006b,
	title = {Emergent decision-making practices in technology-supported self-organizing distributed teams},
	year = {2006},
	address = {Milwaukee, WI, 10{\textendash}13 Dec},
	abstract = {We seek to identify work practices that make technology-supported self-organizing distributed (or virtual) teams (TSSODT for short) effective in producing outputs satisfactory to their sponsors, meeting the needs of their members and continuing to function. A particularly important practice for team effectiveness is decision making: are the right decisions made at the right time to get the work done in a way that satisfies team sponsors, keeps contributors happy and engaged, and enables continued team success? In this research-in-progress paper, we report on an inductive qualitative analysis of 120 decision episodes taken by 2 Free/libre Open Source Software development teams. Our analysis revealed differences in decision-making practices that seem to be related to differences in overall team effectiveness.},
	keywords = {Decision-Making, FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Emergent\%20Decision\%20Making\%20Practices\%20In\%20Technology\%20Supported\%20Self\%20O.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Li, Qing and Allen, Eileen E. and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison and Kangning Wei}
}
@article {2006,
	title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Poster describing the current state of the project for the HSD Principal Investigators{\textquoteright} conference, 14-15 September 2006, Washington DC.},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/hsd2006poster.pdf},
	author = {Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy}
}
@conference {Li:2006,
	title = {Language and power in self-organizing distributed teams},
	booktitle = {OCIS Division, Academy of Management Conference},
	year = {2006},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	abstract = {In this paper, a comparative case study is conducted to explore the way power is expressed and exercised through language use in distributed or virtual teams. Our research questions are {\textquotedblleft}how is power expressed in online interactions in self-organizing distributed teams, in a context without formal authority or hierarchy?{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}What effects do expressions of power have on team outcomes?{\textquotedblright} To fully understand the role of power in self-organizing teams, we apply an input-process-output model on two open source projects-one successful and the other less successful. Two set of codes (source of power and power mechanism) are drawn from the data, and different power patterns interestingly show up between them. The findings lead us to speculate that strong, centralized leadership, the assertive exercise of power, and direct language may contribute to effectiveness in FLOSS teams. And the relevant conclusions and suggestions are provided for further research.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/LanguageAndPowerInSelf-organizing.pdf},
	author = {Li, Qing and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and James Howison}
}
@proceedings {Crowston:2005,
	title = {Coordination of Free/Libre Open Source Software development},
	year = {2005},
	address = {Las Vegas, NV, USA, December},
	abstract = {The apparent success of free/libre open source software (FLOSS) development projects such as Linux, Apache, and many others has raised the question, what lessons from FLOSS development can be transferred to mainstream software development? In this paper, we use coordination theory to analyze coordination mechanisms in FLOSS development and compare our analysis with existing literature on coordination in proprietary software development. We examined developer interaction data from three active and successful FLOSS projects and used content analysis to identify the coordination mechanisms used by the participants. We found that there were similarities between the FLOSS groups and the reported practices of the proprietary project in the coordination mechanisms used to manage task-task dependencies. However, we found clear differences in the coordination mechanisms used to manage task-actor dependencies. While published descriptions of proprietary software development involved an elaborate system to locate the developer who owned the relevant piece of code, we found that {\textquotedblleft}self-assignment{\textquotedblright} was the most common mechanism across three FLOSS projects. This coordination mechanism is consistent with expectations for distributed and largely volunteer teams. We conclude by discussing whether these emergent practices can be usefully transferred to mainstream practice and indicating directions for future research.},
	keywords = {Coordination, FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Coordination\%20of\%20Free\%20Libre\%20Open\%20Source\%20Software\%20Development.pdf , https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CoordinationFreeLibreOSSDevSlides.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Kangning Wei and Li, Qing and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison}
}
@conference {2004,
	title = {Effective work practices for software engineering},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Interdisciplinary software engineering research (WISER {\textquoteright}04)},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {18},
	publisher = {ACM Press},
	organization = {ACM Press},
	address = {Newport Beach, CA, USA},
	abstract = {We review the literature on Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and on software development, distributed work and teams more generally to develop a theoretical model to explain the performance of FLOSS teams. The proposed model is based on Hackman{\textquoteright}s [34] model of
effectiveness of work teams, with coordination theory [52] and collective mind [79] to extend Hackman{\textquoteright}s model by elaborating team practices relevant to effectiveness in software development. We propose a set of propositions to guide further research.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	isbn = {1581139888},
	doi = {10.1145/1029997.1030003},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/p18-crowston.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Annabi, Hala and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai}
}
