@article {9998,
	title = {Stigmergic coordination in FLOSS development teams: Integrating explicit and implicit mechanisms},
	journal = {Cognitive Systems Research},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {14{\textendash}22},
	keywords = {Coordination, Stigmergy},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.12.003},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/COGSYS-RS-\%28HHS\%29-\%282015\%29-\%283\%29.pdf},
	author = {Bolici, Francesco and James Howison and Kevin Crowston}
}
@proceedings {Wiggins:2008a,
	title = {Social dynamics of FLOSS team communication across channels},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {131-142},
	publisher = {Springer Boston},
	address = {Milan, Italy, 7-10 September},
	abstract = {This paper extends prior investigation into the social dynamics of free and open source (FLOSS) teams by examining the methodological questions arising from research using social network analysis on open source projects. We evaluate the validity of data sampling by examining dynamics of communication centralization, which vary across multiple communication channels. We also introduce a method for intensity-based smoothing in dynamic social network analysis.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	isbn = {978-0-387-09683-4},
	issn = {1571-5736 (Print) 1861-2288 (Online)},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/DSNAWigginsIFIP.pdf},
	author = {Wiggins, Andrea and James Howison and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {Crowston:2007b,
	title = {Self-organization of teams in free/libre open source software development},
	journal = {Information and Software Technology Journal: Special issue on Understanding the Social Side of Software Engineering, Qualitative Software Engineering Research},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {564{\textendash}575},
	abstract = {This paper provides empirical evidence about how free/libre open source software development teams self-organize their work, specifically, how tasks are assigned to project team members. Following a case study methodology, we examined developer interaction data from three active and successful FLOSS projects using qualitative research methods, specifically inductive content analysis, to identify the task-assignment mechanisms used by the participants. We found that {\textquoteleft}self-assignment{\textquoteright} was the most common mechanism across three FLOSS projects. This mechanism is consistent with expectations for distributed and largely volunteer teams. We conclude by discussing whether these emergent practices can be usefully transferred to mainstream practice and indicating directions for future research.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.004},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/060918.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Kangning Wei and Li, Qing and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison}
}
@proceedings {Howison:2006sd,
	title = {Social dynamics of free and open source team communications},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {319-330},
	address = {Lake Como, Italy, 8-9 June},
	abstract = {This paper furthers inquiry into the social structure of free and open source software (FLOSS) teams by undertaking social network analysis across time. Contrary to expectations, we confirmed earlier findings of a wide distribution of centralizations even when examining the networks over time. The paper also provides empirical evidence that while change at the center of FLOSS projects is relatively uncommon, participation across the project communities is highly skewed, with many participants appearing for only one period. Surprisingly, large project teams are not more likely to undergo change at their centers.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/SocialDynamics.pdf},
	author = {James Howison and Inoue, Keisuke and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {Crowston:2005c,
	title = {The social structure of Free and Open Source Software development},
	journal = {First Monday},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {First Monday, Special Issue $\#$2: Open Source {\textemdash} 3 October 2005
The social structure of free and open source software development (originally published in Volume 10, Number 2, February 2005)},
	abstract = {Metaphors, such as the Cathedral and Bazaar, used to describe the organization of FLOSS projects typically place them in sharp contrast to proprietary development by emphasizing FLOSS{\textquoteright}s distinctive social and communications structures. But what do we really know about the communication patterns of FLOSS projects? How generalizable are the projects that have been studied? Is there consistency across FLOSS projects? Questioning the assumption of distinctiveness is important because practitioner{\textendash}advocates from within the FLOSS community rely on features of social structure to describe and account for some of the advantages of FLOSS production.

To address this question, we examined 120 project teams from SourceForge, representing a wide range of FLOSS project types, for their communications centralization as revealed in the interactions in the bug tracking system. We found that FLOSS development teams vary widely in their communications centralization, from projects completely centered on one developer to projects that are highly decentralized and exhibit a distributed pattern of conversation between developers and active users.

We suggest, therefore, that it is wrong to assume that FLOSS projects are distinguished by a particular social structure merely because they are FLOSS. Our findings suggest that FLOSS projects might have to work hard to achieve the expected development advantages which have been assumed to flow from "going open." In addition, the variation in communications structure across projects means that communications centralization is useful for comparisons between FLOSS teams. We found that larger FLOSS teams tend to have more decentralized communication patterns, a finding that suggests interesting avenues for further research examining, for example, the relationship between communications structure and code modularity.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	url = {http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1207/1127},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Social\%20structure\%20of\%20Free\%20and\%20Open\%20Source\%20Software\%20development.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and James Howison}
}
