@article {9998,
	title = {Functional and Visionary Leadership in Self-Managing Virtual Teams},
	journal = {Group \& Organization Management},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {424{\textendash}460},
	abstract = {<p>In this conceptual article, we present a theory of leadership in self-managing virtual teams. We describe leadership in this setting as a process that results in the creation, reinforcement and evolution of shared mental models and shared norms that influence team member behaviour towards the successful accomplishment of shared goals. We distinguish two types of leadership. We identify leadership that works within and reinforces existing models and norms to influence team contributions as {\textquotedblleft}functional{\textquotedblright} leadership. We identify leadership that results in changes in models and norms as {\textquotedblleft}visionary{\textquotedblright} leadership. We propose that successful self-managing virtual teams require both types of leadership and that they will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed functional leadership complemented by strong, concentrated and centralized visionary leadership and that visionary leadership is enabled by functional leadership in the form of substantive team member contributions.</p>},
	keywords = {functional leadership, Leadership, Self-managing teams, structuration theory, virtual teams, visionary leadership},
	doi = {10.1177/1059601120955034},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/1059601120955034_0.pdf},
	author = {Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert}
}
@proceedings {2010,
	title = {Machine Learning and Rule-Based Automated Coding of Qualitative Data},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	address = {Pittsburgh, PA},
	abstract = {Researchers often employ qualitative research approaches but large volumes of textual data pose considerable challenges to manual coding. In this research, we explore how to implement fully or semi-automatic coding on textual data (specifically, electronic messages) by leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP). In particular, we compare the performance of human-developed NLP rules to those inferred by machine learning algorithms. The experimental results suggest that NLP with machine learning can be an effective way to assist researchers in coding qualitative data.

},
	keywords = {FLOSS, NLP},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ml_nlp.pdf , https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ASIST\%20poster\%202p\%20final.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Xiaozhong Liu and Allen, Eileen E. and Heckman, Robert}
}
@proceedings {Scialdone:2009,
	title = {Group Maintenance Behaviours of Core and Peripheral Members of Free/Libre Open Source Software Teams},
	year = {2009},
	address = {Skövde, Sweden, 3-6 June},
	abstract = {Group Maintenance is pro-social, discretionary, and relation-building behavior that occurs between members of groups in order to maintain reciprocal trust and cooperation. This paper considers how Free/libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams demonstrate such behaviors within the context of e-mail, as this is the primary medium through which such teams communicate. We compare group maintenance behaviors between both core and peripheral members of these groups, as well as behaviors between a group that remains producing software today and one which has since dissolved. Our findings indicate that negative politeness tactics (those which show respect for the autonomy of others) may be the most instrumental group maintenance behaviors that contribute to a FLOSS group{\textquoteleft}s ability to survive and continue software production.
},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Group Maintenance},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/34finalmjs.pdf},
	author = {Scialdone, Michael J. and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Boldyreff, Cornelia and Kevin Crowston and Lundell, Bj{\"o}rn and Wasserman, Tony}
}
@article {Li:2008a,
	title = {Asynchronous Decision-Making in Distributed Teams (Poster)},
	year = {2008},
	month = {8{\textendash}12 November},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	keywords = {Decision-Making, FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CSCW2008Poster11x17Draft.pdf},
	author = {Li, Qing and Heckman, Robert and Allen, Eileen E. and Kevin Crowston and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison and Wiggins, Andrea}
}
@proceedings {Scialdone:2008,
	title = {Group Maintenance in Technology-Supported Distributed Teams},
	year = {2008},
	address = {Anaheim, CA, 9-13 August},
	abstract = {Are geographically-distributed teams which exhibit high levels of group maintenance between members successful? We answer this through content analysis of emails from two Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams. Our results illustrate that the groups utilize low levels of organizational citizenship behaviors and high levels of positive politeness actions.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Group Maintenance},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/GroupMaintenance.pdf},
	author = {Scialdone, Michael J. and Li, Na and James Howison and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {2007,
	title = {Emergent leadership in self-organizing virtual teams (Poster)},
	year = {2007},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al, Qu{\'e}bec, Canada, 9{\textendash}12 Dec},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/20081204\%20ICIS\%20Poster_v.5.1.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora and Eseryel, U. Yeliz}
}
@proceedings {Heckman:2007a,
	title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in virtual teams},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {151{\textendash}168},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Portland, OR},
	abstract = {Building on behavioural leadership theory and structuration theory, we present a two-order theory of leadership. It describes four classes of first-order leadership behaviours (task coordination, substantive task contribution, group maintenance and boundary spanning) and defines second-order leadership as behaviour that influences changes in the structure that guides group action. We argue that second-order leadership is enabled by first-order leadership and is therefore action embedded and grounded in processes that define the social identity of the group. We propose that effective virtual teams will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed first-order leadership complemented by strong, concentrated, and centralized second-order leadership. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_12},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/AStructurationalPerspectiveOnLeadership.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora},
	editor = {Kevin Crowston and Seiber, Sandra}
}
@proceedings {Heckman:2006b,
	title = {Emergent decision-making practices in technology-supported self-organizing distributed teams},
	year = {2006},
	address = {Milwaukee, WI, 10{\textendash}13 Dec},
	abstract = {We seek to identify work practices that make technology-supported self-organizing distributed (or virtual) teams (TSSODT for short) effective in producing outputs satisfactory to their sponsors, meeting the needs of their members and continuing to function. A particularly important practice for team effectiveness is decision making: are the right decisions made at the right time to get the work done in a way that satisfies team sponsors, keeps contributors happy and engaged, and enables continued team success? In this research-in-progress paper, we report on an inductive qualitative analysis of 120 decision episodes taken by 2 Free/libre Open Source Software development teams. Our analysis revealed differences in decision-making practices that seem to be related to differences in overall team effectiveness.},
	keywords = {Decision-Making, FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Emergent\%20Decision\%20Making\%20Practices\%20In\%20Technology\%20Supported\%20Self\%20O.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Li, Qing and Allen, Eileen E. and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and James Howison and Kangning Wei}
}
@proceedings {Annabi:2006,
	title = {From Individual Contribution to Group learning: the Early Years of Apache Web Server},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {77{\textendash}90},
	address = {Lake Como, Italy, 8{\textendash}9 June},
	abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) groups experience many benefits and challenges with respect to the core group{\textquoteright}s effectiveness. In order to capitalize on the benefits and minimize the challenges, OSS groups must learn not only on the individual level, but also on the group level. OSS groups learn by integrating individual contributions into the group{\textquoteright}s product and processes. This paper reports on the characteristics of the learning process in OSS groups. The study utilized an embedded single case study design that observed and analyzed group learning processes in the Apache Web server OSS project. The study used learning opportunity episodes (LOE) as the embedded unit of analysis and developed and utilized three content analytic schemes to describe the characteristics of the learning process and the factors affecting this process.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Learning},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/FromIndividualContributionToGroup.pdf},
	author = {Annabi, Hala and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert}
}
@conference {Li:2006,
	title = {Language and power in self-organizing distributed teams},
	booktitle = {OCIS Division, Academy of Management Conference},
	year = {2006},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	abstract = {In this paper, a comparative case study is conducted to explore the way power is expressed and exercised through language use in distributed or virtual teams. Our research questions are {\textquotedblleft}how is power expressed in online interactions in self-organizing distributed teams, in a context without formal authority or hierarchy?{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}What effects do expressions of power have on team outcomes?{\textquotedblright} To fully understand the role of power in self-organizing teams, we apply an input-process-output model on two open source projects-one successful and the other less successful. Two set of codes (source of power and power mechanism) are drawn from the data, and different power patterns interestingly show up between them. The findings lead us to speculate that strong, centralized leadership, the assertive exercise of power, and direct language may contribute to effectiveness in FLOSS teams. And the relevant conclusions and suggestions are provided for further research.},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/LanguageAndPowerInSelf-organizing.pdf},
	author = {Li, Qing and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and James Howison}
}
@proceedings {Crowston:2005a,
	title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in Free/Libre Open Source Software teams},
	year = {2005},
	address = {Genova, Italy},
	abstract = {In this conceptual paper, we present a structuration-based theory of leadership behaviours in self-organizing virtual distributed teams such as Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. Such teams are often composed of members of relatively equal status or who are so disparate in background that formal organizational status seems irrelevant, reducing the usual leadership cues provided by organizational status and title. Building on a functional view of leadership and structuration theory, we suggest that leaders are individuals who develop team structures that then guide the actions of team members. Specifically, we examine structures of signification in the form of shared mental models, structures of domination in the form of role structures and structures of legitimation in form of rules and norms. The main contribution of our paper is the integration of various social theories to describe emergent leadership behaviours in distributed teams. We develop a set of propositions and illustrate with examples taken from Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/crowston-final.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Annabi, Hala and Masango, Chengetai}
}
@article {2004,
	title = {A structurational model of leadership in virtual distributed groups},
	year = {2004},
	note = {"A structurational model of the dynamics of Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams". Presentation at the IFIP WG 8.2 OASIS Workshop 2004, Washington, DC, 12 December 2004. (Powerpoint file).},
	keywords = {FLOSS},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/crowston_oasis_2004v3.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Annabi, Hala and Heckman, Robert}
}
