@article {9998,
	title = {Functional and Visionary Leadership in Self-Managing Virtual Teams},
	journal = {Group \& Organization Management},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {424{\textendash}460},
	abstract = {<p>In this conceptual article, we present a theory of leadership in self-managing virtual teams. We describe leadership in this setting as a process that results in the creation, reinforcement and evolution of shared mental models and shared norms that influence team member behaviour towards the successful accomplishment of shared goals. We distinguish two types of leadership. We identify leadership that works within and reinforces existing models and norms to influence team contributions as {\textquotedblleft}functional{\textquotedblright} leadership. We identify leadership that results in changes in models and norms as {\textquotedblleft}visionary{\textquotedblright} leadership. We propose that successful self-managing virtual teams require both types of leadership and that they will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed functional leadership complemented by strong, concentrated and centralized visionary leadership and that visionary leadership is enabled by functional leadership in the form of substantive team member contributions.</p>},
	keywords = {functional leadership, Leadership, Self-managing teams, structuration theory, virtual teams, visionary leadership},
	doi = {10.1177/1059601120955034},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/1059601120955034_0.pdf},
	author = {Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert}
}
@article {2007,
	title = {Emergent leadership in self-organizing virtual teams (Poster)},
	year = {2007},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al, Qu{\'e}bec, Canada, 9{\textendash}12 Dec},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/20081204\%20ICIS\%20Poster_v.5.1.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora and Eseryel, U. Yeliz}
}
@proceedings {Heckman:2007a,
	title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in virtual teams},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {151{\textendash}168},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Portland, OR},
	abstract = {Building on behavioural leadership theory and structuration theory, we present a two-order theory of leadership. It describes four classes of first-order leadership behaviours (task coordination, substantive task contribution, group maintenance and boundary spanning) and defines second-order leadership as behaviour that influences changes in the structure that guides group action. We argue that second-order leadership is enabled by first-order leadership and is therefore action embedded and grounded in processes that define the social identity of the group. We propose that effective virtual teams will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed first-order leadership complemented by strong, concentrated, and centralized second-order leadership. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership},
	doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_12},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/AStructurationalPerspectiveOnLeadership.pdf},
	author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora},
	editor = {Kevin Crowston and Seiber, Sandra}
}
@proceedings {Annabi:2006,
	title = {From Individual Contribution to Group learning: the Early Years of Apache Web Server},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {77{\textendash}90},
	address = {Lake Como, Italy, 8{\textendash}9 June},
	abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) groups experience many benefits and challenges with respect to the core group{\textquoteright}s effectiveness. In order to capitalize on the benefits and minimize the challenges, OSS groups must learn not only on the individual level, but also on the group level. OSS groups learn by integrating individual contributions into the group{\textquoteright}s product and processes. This paper reports on the characteristics of the learning process in OSS groups. The study utilized an embedded single case study design that observed and analyzed group learning processes in the Apache Web server OSS project. The study used learning opportunity episodes (LOE) as the embedded unit of analysis and developed and utilized three content analytic schemes to describe the characteristics of the learning process and the factors affecting this process.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Learning},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/FromIndividualContributionToGroup.pdf},
	author = {Annabi, Hala and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert}
}
@proceedings {Crowston:2005a,
	title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in Free/Libre Open Source Software teams},
	year = {2005},
	address = {Genova, Italy},
	abstract = {In this conceptual paper, we present a structuration-based theory of leadership behaviours in self-organizing virtual distributed teams such as Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. Such teams are often composed of members of relatively equal status or who are so disparate in background that formal organizational status seems irrelevant, reducing the usual leadership cues provided by organizational status and title. Building on a functional view of leadership and structuration theory, we suggest that leaders are individuals who develop team structures that then guide the actions of team members. Specifically, we examine structures of signification in the form of shared mental models, structures of domination in the form of role structures and structures of legitimation in form of rules and norms. The main contribution of our paper is the integration of various social theories to describe emergent leadership behaviours in distributed teams. We develop a set of propositions and illustrate with examples taken from Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.},
	keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership},
	attachments = {https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/crowston-final.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Annabi, Hala and Masango, Chengetai}
}
