TY - JOUR T1 - Examining Open Innovation in Science (OIS): What Open Innovation can and cannot offer the science of science JF - Innovation: Organization & Management Y1 - 2021 A1 - Susanne Beck A1 - Marcel LaFlamme A1 - Carsten Bergenholtz A1 - Marcel Bogers A1 - Tiare-Maria Brasseur A1 - Marie-Louise Conradsen A1 - Kevin Crowston A1 - Diletta Di Marco A1 - Agnes Effert A1 - Despoina Filiou A1 - Lars Frederiksen A1 - Thomas Gillier A1 - Marc Gruber A1 - Carolin Haeussler A1 - Karin Hoisl A1 - Olga Kokshagina A1 - Maria-Theresa Norn A1 - Marion Poetz A1 - Gernot Pruschak A1 - Laia Pujol Priego A1 - Agnieszka Radziwon A1 - Alexander Ruser A1 - Henry Sauermann A1 - Sonali Shah A1 - Julia Suess-Reyes A1 - Christopher L. Tucci A1 - Philipp Tuertscher A1 - Jane Bjørn Vedel A1 - Roberto Verganti A1 - Jonathan Wareham A1 - Sunny Mosangzi Xu AB -

Scholars across disciplines increasingly hear calls for more open and collaborative approaches to scientific research. The concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) provides a framework that integrates dispersed research efforts aiming to understand the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of applying open and collaborative research practices. While the OIS framework has already been taken up by science of science scholars, its conceptual underpinnings require further specification. In this essay, we critically examine the OIS concept and bring to light two key aspects: 1) how OIS builds upon Open Innovation (OI) research by adopting its attention to boundary-crossing knowledge flows and by adapting other concepts developed and researched in OI to the science context as exemplified by two OIS cases in the area of research funding; 2) how OIS conceptualises knowledge flows across boundaries. While OI typically focuses on well-defined organizational boundaries, we argue that blurry and even invisible boundaries between communities of practice may more strongly constrain flows of knowledge related to openness and collaboration in science. Given the uptake of this concept, this essay brings needed clarity to the meaning of OIS, which has no particular normative orientation toward a close coupling between science and industry. We end by outlining the essay’s contributions to OI and the science of science, as well as to science practitioners.

ER - TY - Generic T1 - Work features to support stigmergic coordination in distributed teams Y1 - 2017 A1 - Kevin Crowston A1 - James Howison A1 - Bolici, Francesco A1 - Carsten Østerlund KW - Coordination KW - Stigmergy AB -

When work products are shared via a computer system, members of distributed teams can see the work products produced by remote colleagues as easily as those from local colleagues. Drawing on coordination theory and work in computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), we theorize that these work products can provide information to support team coordination, that is, that work can be coordinated through the outcome of the work itself, a mode of coordination analogous to the biological process of stigmergy. Based on studies of documents and work, we postulate three features of work products that enable them to support team coordination, namely having a clear genre, being visible and mobile, and being combinable. These claims are illustrated with examples drawn from free/libre open source software development teams. We conclude by discussing how the proposed theory might be empirically tested.

JF - Academy of Management Annual Meeting ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Manifesto on Engineering Academic Software (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 16252) Y1 - 2016 A1 - Alice Allen A1 - Cecilia Aragon A1 - Christoph Becker A1 - Jeffrey Carver A1 - Andrei Chiş A1 - Benoit Combemale A1 - Mike Croucher A1 - Kevin Crowston A1 - Daniel Garijo A1 - Ashish Gehani A1 - Carole Goble A1 - Robert Haines A1 - Robert Hirschfeld A1 - James Howison A1 - Kathryn Huff A1 - Caroline Jay A1 - Daniel S. Katz A1 - Claude Kirchner A1 - Katie Kuksenok A1 - Ralf Lämmel A1 - Oscar Nierstrasz A1 - Matt Turk A1 - van Nieuwpoort, Rob A1 - Matthew Vaughn A1 - Jurgen Vinju AB - Software is often a critical component of scientific research. It can be a component of the academic research methods used to produce research results, or it may itself be an academic research result. Software, however, has rarely been considered to be a citable artifact in its own right. With the advent of open-source software, artifact evaluation committees of conferences, and journals that include source code and running systems as part of the published artifacts, we foresee that software will increasingly be recognized as part of the academic process. The quality and sustainability of this software must be accounted for, both a priori and a posteriori. The Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop on “Engineering Academic Software” has examined the strengths, weaknesses, risks, and opportunities of academic software engineering. A key outcome of the workshop is this Dagstuhl Manifesto, serving as a roadmap towards future professional software engineering for software-based research instruments and other software produced and used in an academic context. The manifesto is expressed in terms of a series of actionable “pledges” that users and developers of academic research software can take as concrete steps towards improving the environment in which that software is produced. JF - Dagstuhl Manifestos PB - Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics CY - Wadern, Germany VL - 6 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stigmergic coordination in FLOSS development teams: Integrating explicit and implicit mechanisms JF - Cognitive Systems Research Y1 - 2016 A1 - Bolici, Francesco A1 - James Howison A1 - Kevin Crowston KW - Coordination KW - Stigmergy VL - 38 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Open Source Technology Development T2 - Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence Y1 - 2015 A1 - Kevin Crowston ED - Bainbridge, William Sims ED - Roco, Mihail C. JF - Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham SN - 978-3-319-04033-2 ER - TY - Generic T1 - Amazon Mechanical Turk: A research tool for organizations and information systems scholars T2 - IFIP Working Group 8.2 Conference: Shaping the Future of ICT Research: Methods and Approaches Y1 - 2012 A1 - Kevin Crowston ED - Anol Bhattacherjee ED - Brian Fitzgerald JF - IFIP Working Group 8.2 Conference: Shaping the Future of ICT Research: Methods and Approaches T3 - IFIP AICT PB - Springer CY - Tampa, FL VL - 389 SN - 978-3-642-35141-9 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Work as coordination and coordination as work: A process perspective on FLOSS development projects T2 - Third International Symposium on Process Organization Studies Y1 - 2011 A1 - Kevin Crowston A1 - Carsten Østerlund A1 - James Howison A1 - Bolici, Francesco JF - Third International Symposium on Process Organization Studies CY - Corfu, Greece UR - http://www.process-symposium.com/ ER - TY - Generic T1 - The under-appreciated role of stigmergic coordination in software development Y1 - 2010 A1 - Bolici, Francesco A1 - James Howison A1 - Kevin Crowston KW - Coordination KW - FLOSS KW - Stigmergy AB -

Coordination in software development teams has been a topic of perennial interest in empirical software engineering research. The vast majority of this literature has drawn on a conceptual separation between work and coordination mechanisms, separate from the work itself, which enable groups to achieve coordination. Traditional recommendations and software methods focused on planning: using analysis to predict and manage dependencies. Empirical research has demonstrated the limits of this approach, showing that many important dependencies are emergent and pointing to the persistent importance of explicit discussion to managing these dependencies as they arise. Drawing on work in Computer-Supported Collaborative Work and building from an analogy to collaboration amongst insects (stigmergy), we argue that the work product itself plays an under-appreciated role in helping software developers manage dependencies as they arise. This short paper presents the conceptual argument with empirical illustrations and explains why this mechanism would have significant implications for Software Engineering coordination research. We discuss issues in marshaling clear positive evidence, arguing that these issues are responsible, in part, for the under-consideration of this mechanism in software engineering and outlining research strategies which may overcome these issues.

ER - TY - Generic T1 - Group Maintenance Behaviours of Core and Peripheral Members of Free/Libre Open Source Software Teams T2 - Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS) Y1 - 2009 A1 - Scialdone, Michael J. A1 - Heckman, Robert A1 - Kevin Crowston ED - Boldyreff, Cornelia ED - Kevin Crowston ED - Lundell, Björn ED - Wasserman, Tony KW - FLOSS KW - Group Maintenance AB - Group Maintenance is pro-social, discretionary, and relation-building behavior that occurs between members of groups in order to maintain reciprocal trust and cooperation. This paper considers how Free/libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams demonstrate such behaviors within the context of e-mail, as this is the primary medium through which such teams communicate. We compare group maintenance behaviors between both core and peripheral members of these groups, as well as behaviors between a group that remains producing software today and one which has since dissolved. Our findings indicate that negative politeness tactics (those which show respect for the autonomy of others) may be the most instrumental group maintenance behaviors that contribute to a FLOSS group‘s ability to survive and continue software production. JF - Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS) CY - Skövde, Sweden, 3-6 June ER - TY - Generic T1 - Heartbeat: Measuring Active User Base and Potential User Interest in FLOSS Projects T2 - Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS) Y1 - 2009 A1 - Wiggins, Andrea A1 - James Howison A1 - Kevin Crowston ED - Boldyreff, Cornelia ED - Kevin Crowston ED - Lundell, Björn ED - Wasserman, Tony AB - This paper presents a novel method and algorithm to measure the size of an open source project’s user base and the level of potential user interest that it generates. Previously unavailable download data at a daily resolution confirms hypothesized patterns related to release cycles. In short, regular users rapidly download the software after a new release giving a way to measure the active user base. In contrast, potential new users download the application independently of the release cycle, and the daily download figures tend to plateau at this rate when a release has not been made for some time. An algorithm for estimating these measures from download time series is demonstrated and the measures are examined over time in two open source projects. JF - Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS) PB - Springer Boston CY - Skövde, Sweden, 3-6 June VL - 299 SN - 978-3-642-02031-5 ER - TY - CONF T1 - Effective work practices for software engineering T2 - Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Interdisciplinary software engineering research (WISER '04) Y1 - 2004 A1 - Kevin Crowston A1 - Annabi, Hala A1 - James Howison A1 - Masango, Chengetai KW - FLOSS AB - We review the literature on Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development and on software development, distributed work and teams more generally to develop a theoretical model to explain the performance of FLOSS teams. The proposed model is based on Hackman’s [34] model of effectiveness of work teams, with coordination theory [52] and collective mind [79] to extend Hackman’s model by elaborating team practices relevant to effectiveness in software development. We propose a set of propositions to guide further research. JF - Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Interdisciplinary software engineering research (WISER '04) PB - ACM Press CY - Newport Beach, CA, USA SN - 1581139888 JO - WISER '04 ER -