%0 Journal Article %J Journal of Internet Services and Applications %D 2017 %T Core-periphery communication and the success of free/libre open source software projects %A Kevin Crowston %A Shamshurin, Ivan %K Apache Software Foundation %K communication %K core and periphery %K free/libre open source software (FLOSS) %K inclusive pronouns %K natural language processing %K project success %X We examine the relationship between communications by core and peripheral members and Free/Libre Open Source Software project success. The study uses data from 74 projects in the Apache Software Foundation Incubator. We conceptualize project success in terms of success building a community, as assessed by graduation from the Incubator. We compare successful and unsuccessful projects on volume of communication and on use of inclusive pronouns as an indication of efforts to create intimacy among team members. An innovation of the paper is that use of inclusive pronouns is measured using natural language processing techniques. We also compare the volume and content of communication produced by core (committer) and peripheral members and by those peripheral members who are later elected to be core members. We find that volume of communication is related to project success but use of inclusive pronouns does not distinguish successful projects. Core members exhibit more contribution and use of inclusive pronouns than peripheral members. %B Journal of Internet Services and Applications %V 8 %G eng %U http://rdcu.be/uguP %N 10 %R 10.1186/s13174-017-0061-4 %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/170707%20JISA%20final.pdf %0 Journal Article %J Information and Management %D 2017 %T Roles and politeness behavior in community-based Free/Libre Open Source Software development %A Kangning Wei %A Kevin Crowston %A Eseryel, U. Yeliz %A Heckman, Robert %K Core-periphery structure %K Open source software development %K Politeness behavior %X Community-based Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development relies on contributions from both core and peripheral members. Prior research on core-periphery has focused on software coding-related behaviors. We study how core-periphery roles are related to social-relational behavior in terms of politeness behavior. Data from two FLOSS projects suggest that both core and peripheral members use more positive politeness strategies than negative strategies. Further, core and peripheral members use different strategies to protect positive face in positive politeness, which we term respect and intimacy respectively. Our results contribute to FLOSS research and politeness theory. %B Information and Management %V 54 %P 573-582 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.im.2016.11.006 %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Group_maintenance%20paper%20to%20share.pdf %0 Generic %D 2017 %T Work features to support stigmergic coordination in distributed teams %A Kevin Crowston %A James Howison %A Bolici, Francesco %A Carsten Østerlund %K Coordination %K Stigmergy %X

When work products are shared via a computer system, members of distributed teams can see the work products produced by remote colleagues as easily as those from local colleagues. Drawing on coordination theory and work in computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), we theorize that these work products can provide information to support team coordination, that is, that work can be coordinated through the outcome of the work itself, a mode of coordination analogous to the biological process of stigmergy. Based on studies of documents and work, we postulate three features of work products that enable them to support team coordination, namely having a clear genre, being visible and mobile, and being combinable. These claims are illustrated with examples drawn from free/libre open source software development teams. We conclude by discussing how the proposed theory might be empirically tested.

%B Academy of Management Annual Meeting %G eng %9 Interactive paper %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Stigmergy%20theory%20paper%20to%20share.pdf %0 Journal Article %J Cognitive Systems Research %D 2016 %T Stigmergic coordination in FLOSS development teams: Integrating explicit and implicit mechanisms %A Bolici, Francesco %A James Howison %A Kevin Crowston %K Coordination %K Stigmergy %B Cognitive Systems Research %V 38 %P 14–22 %R 10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.12.003 %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/COGSYS-RS-%28HHS%29-%282015%29-%283%29.pdf %0 Generic %D 2010 %T The under-appreciated role of stigmergic coordination in software development %A Bolici, Francesco %A James Howison %A Kevin Crowston %K Coordination %K FLOSS %K Stigmergy %X

Coordination in software development teams has been a topic of perennial interest in empirical software engineering research. The vast majority of this literature has drawn on a conceptual separation between work and coordination mechanisms, separate from the work itself, which enable groups to achieve coordination. Traditional recommendations and software methods focused on planning: using analysis to predict and manage dependencies. Empirical research has demonstrated the limits of this approach, showing that many important dependencies are emergent and pointing to the persistent importance of explicit discussion to managing these dependencies as they arise. Drawing on work in Computer-Supported Collaborative Work and building from an analogy to collaboration amongst insects (stigmergy), we argue that the work product itself plays an under-appreciated role in helping software developers manage dependencies as they arise. This short paper presents the conceptual argument with empirical illustrations and explains why this mechanism would have significant implications for Software Engineering coordination research. We discuss issues in marshaling clear positive evidence, arguing that these issues are responsible, in part, for the under-consideration of this mechanism in software engineering and outlining research strategies which may overcome these issues.

%> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/stigmergy-short.pdf %0 Book Section %B Business Process Transformation %D 2008 %T The bug fixing process in proprietary and free/libre open source software: A coordination theory analysis %A Kevin Crowston %E Grover, Varun %E Markus, M. Lynne %K Coordination %K FLOSS %X To support business process transformation, we must first be able to represent business processes in a way that allows us to compare and contrast them or to design new ones. In this paper, I use coordination theory to analyze the bug fixing processes in the proprietary operating system development group of a large mini-computer manufacturer and for the Free/Libre Open Source Software Linux operating system kernel. Three approaches to identifying dependencies and coordination mechanisms are presented. Mechanisms analyzed include those for task assignment, resource sharing and managing dependencies between modules of source code. The proprietary development organization assigned problem reports to engineers based on the module that appeared to be in error, since engineers only worked on particular modules. Alternative task assignment mechanisms include assignment to engineers based on workload or voluntary assignment, as in Linux. In the proprietary process, modules of source code were not shared, but rather “owned” by one engineer, thus reducing the need for coordination. In Linux, where multiple developers can work on the same modules, alternative resource sharing mechanisms have been developed to manage source code. Finally, the proprietary developers managed dependencies between modules informally, relying on their personal knowledge of which other engineers used their code. The Linux process allows developers to change code in multiple modules, but emphasizes modularity to reduce the need to do so. %B Business Process Transformation %I M. E. Sharpe %C Armonk, NY %P 69-99 %@ 9780765611918 %G eng %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/The%20bug%20fixing%20process%20in%20proprietary%20.pdf %0 Conference Proceedings %B Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) %D 2005 %T Coordination of Free/Libre Open Source Software development %A Kevin Crowston %A Kangning Wei %A Li, Qing %A Eseryel, U. Yeliz %A James Howison %K Coordination %K FLOSS %X The apparent success of free/libre open source software (FLOSS) development projects such as Linux, Apache, and many others has raised the question, what lessons from FLOSS development can be transferred to mainstream software development? In this paper, we use coordination theory to analyze coordination mechanisms in FLOSS development and compare our analysis with existing literature on coordination in proprietary software development. We examined developer interaction data from three active and successful FLOSS projects and used content analysis to identify the coordination mechanisms used by the participants. We found that there were similarities between the FLOSS groups and the reported practices of the proprietary project in the coordination mechanisms used to manage task-task dependencies. However, we found clear differences in the coordination mechanisms used to manage task-actor dependencies. While published descriptions of proprietary software development involved an elaborate system to locate the developer who owned the relevant piece of code, we found that “self-assignment” was the most common mechanism across three FLOSS projects. This coordination mechanism is consistent with expectations for distributed and largely volunteer teams. We conclude by discussing whether these emergent practices can be usefully transferred to mainstream practice and indicating directions for future research. %B Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) %C Las Vegas, NV, USA, December %G eng %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Coordination%20of%20Free%20Libre%20Open%20Source%20Software%20Development.pdf %> https://floss.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CoordinationFreeLibreOSSDevSlides.pdf